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November 3, 2008, 8:17 am

How hedge funds could hurt Apple

There’s an interesting and timely paragraph about Apple buried in the middle of Scott (”The Finance Professor”) Rothbort’s latest primer on hedge funds (Hedge Fund Liquidations: Five Things You Need to Know).

He’s explaining how hedge fund investors — technically, limited partners — are only allowed to withdraw money on an quarterly or annual basis, which can result, when a fund is performing poorly, in a rush of redemptions that resembles a run on a bank.

To meet those redemption requests, a hedge fund leveraged 5 to 1 will have to sell at least $5 of investments to meet every $1 of redemptions. (And 5 to 1 is conservative; a hedge fund can, in theory, be almost infinitely leveraged.)

This is where Apple comes into Rothbort’s primer:

“As redemptions tend to be clustered, the impact on individual stocks from hedge funds liquidating their holdings (to meet those redemptions) will be a magnified and concentrated hit on those stocks, and potentially the overall market.

“Since the hedge funds are more concerned about creating liquidity than preserving the integrity of their portfolios during a crisis, the higher priced stocks tend to get sold first. It is far easier to create $10,000,000 of cash by selling smaller amounts of a $200 stock (say Apple (AAPL) than larger amounts of a $25 stock (say Altria (MO)). And before you know it, that $200 stock has become a $100 stock. ‘Classic’ valuation is thrown out the window.”(link)

Investors pulled a record $43 billion out of U.S. hedge funds in September, according to the Financial Times, a month in which Apple fell more than 60 points (36%), from $166 a share to $105.

What makes this timely?

Another run on the hedge funds could be just around the corner. Some experts anticipate a flood of redemption requests around Nov. 15, the notification deadline for investors who want to get their money out before the end of the year. (Most hedge funds insist that investors notify them of their intentions 45 to 65 days before the end of a quarter; see here. Last quarter’s notification day was Aug. 15, and Apple got hammered from mid-August to early October.)

Apple investors, fasten your seatbelts. You could be in for a bumpy ride.

[Thanks to "cramar" at TMO's Apple Finance Board for the tip.]

a hedge fund is an investment deal where you can’t tell what you are buying from the writing on the paper, and what you are buying is the paper.

You can do that, if you want.

But anyway, I am grateful for the information regarding pension investment strategies. I still fail to see how the actual profits generated by the business corellate with capitalization rather than industrial performance. Apple has 20 billion in cash. If apple needed capital to move forward, that money would be deployed accordingly. Whichever way one may analyse the numerics generated by pundits, the people will be cutting slices of a pie that has a specific size. Let’s talk about baking the pie, not the smell.

Posted By cynik, Switzerland : November 5, 2008 12:54 am

@ Cynik

You need to understand something about the American context in order to make judgments about the effects of hedge fund activity on underlying business activity. Since World War II, American companies and their financiers have been successful in convincing employees to tie their retirement funds to investment in the stock market, especially in the stock of the companies they work for. Most employees have a very cramped view of what constitutes diversification. Thus, when stocks like Apple take huge dives, the confidence of both employees and potential consumers of Apple products (and there would be plenty of overlap) is undermined. This affects the future profitability of the enterprise.

The problem with your view is that it is too supply-side biased. It doesn’t make sense for the consumerist global economy. The challenge for monetary policy in our current age is to tack between both supply-oriented and demand-oriented economic theories, because neither side alone reaches the full range of economic behaviors.

Posted By Paul Johnson, Overland Park, KS : November 3, 2008 4:29 pm

This article is fundamentally flawed, insofar as it suggests that hedge fund activity can hurt Apple, the company.

Clearly, it cannot. Apple makes products and sells products. Apple has massive wonga in the bank. Apple, the business, will not be affected by a lowering of the share price because a bunch of fools decide to panic. Apple is not in debt, and cannot be sent to the wall by a low share price that culminates in negative equity for the firm.

The only way a firm can be sent to the wall by a run on shares is if its liabilities exceed the total capitalisation based on the share price. So the firm would need to have huge debts, only marginally smaller than its share value.

And so…. once again we have speculators getting hugely excited about their influence, when in fact they simply do not matter.

If a bunch of hysterical speculators sell Apple stock and the price plummets, a Warren Buffet will emerge to make an absolute killing on cheap, undervalued stock. And this will be all to the good for Apple, because it will have rid itself of idiotic shareholders and replaced them with intelligent, able business people.

There is something seriously wrong with the financial acumen of people who get excited about the movement of stock numbers, without reference to the underlying asset balance and business model of the firm they have invested into. These people, by definition, do not have a clue about what they are doing. They are fools, and should expect to be parted from their money.

We should must acknowledge that bubbles are a fraud. They are a sustained fraud, and from the time the bubble starts until the day it bursts, everyone who partakes of overvalued stock is partaking in a fraud.

To think, these fraudsters are being bailed out by the taxes of children who have yet to reach working age. What a consumate disgrace. What an brutal indictment of the worthless individuals who populate the market at the current time.

Posted By cynik, switzerland : November 3, 2008 12:46 pm

DeWitt,

Let me see if I’ve got this right: Fortune and CNN pay you to report on TMO’s Apple finance board? (’cuz that seems like what 80% of these columns are about)

Nice work if you can find it.

ex ped: It’s Mr. Elmer-DeWitt to you, gripedejour. I think 80% is probably a bit too high, but AFB is a wonderful resource for anyone covering Apple. The participants are always on top of the news, and they tend to have a pretty smart take on it.

Posted By gripedujour : November 3, 2008 12:43 pm

“[Thanks to "cramar" at TMO's Apple Finance Board for the tip.]”

Why doesn’t the author keep this tip himself and sell AAPL himself? Really funny. There must be some hidden motive!

ex ped: Ah, the hunt for the hidden motive. For the record, the author doesn’t hold any position in AAPL, positive or negative.

Posted By Kevin, Portland, OR : November 3, 2008 12:17 pm

This is true although I would tend to believe that Apple would be included in a “flight to quality” list of securities when compared with other firms which are seeing large declines in revenue year over year.

Posted By Richard Wilson, Boston MA : November 3, 2008 12:12 pm

The most important element of this story for Apple investors is that it explains one more factor that can cause the stock price to drop unrelated to market fundamentals. This emphasizes the value of building cash liquidity, to buy more AAPL during such “fire sales.” Make the hedge fund losses your gains once market fundamentals resume control.

Posted By Mark, Ashburn, VA : November 3, 2008 11:58 am

So in 4 quarters Apple will be at $25,,,, lol

Posted By AdamC, Miami, Florida : November 3, 2008 11:46 am

I agree with Kevin. Watch out for the timing of this article. What appears to be going on is that pros are buying while saying “watch out” to get people to sell.

Posted By Matt, Boston, MA : November 3, 2008 10:37 am

So now we understand why hedge funds are doing so bad. A whole bunch of stocks are more than $100, so i guess it’s not too smart for them to pick AAPL.

But just be careful, the timing of this article can be a trick to allow hedge funds to cover their AAPL short positions.

Posted By Kevin, Portland, OR : November 3, 2008 9:56 am

Agreed - interesting article.

Posted By Chris, Winnipeg, Manitoba : November 3, 2008 9:27 am

Cool, thanks PED. It’s remarkable that the SEC cares so much about volatility that can be induced by the small fish day traders - thus the T+3 settlement rules and Pattern Day Trader designations. But for the hedge funds, they are unregulated and can bring chaos to a stock without penalty.

I’ll keep an eye out for 15-Nov.

Posted By TimboM, Madison, WI : November 3, 2008 8:47 am
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Philip Elmer-DeWittSilicon Valley veterans like to joke that Steve Jobs must be surrounded by a reality distortion field; if you get too close to him, you start to believe what he's saying. Thanks to the success of the iPod, the launch of the iPhone and the renewed interest in the Mac, Apple has made believers out of millions of customers - and made a lot of investors rich. But Philip Elmer-DeWitt believes that an ounce of skepticism never hurts when writing about the company. He should know. He's been covering Apple - and watching Steve Jobs operate - since 1982, first for Time Magazine, then for Business 2.0, and now for Fortune.
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